Which theory proposes that workers are motivated when they expect their efforts will lead to desired outcomes?

Expectancy theory is the correct answer because it specifically focuses on the belief that individuals are motivated to act based on their expectations that their efforts will lead to desired outcomes. The core premise of this theory is that motivation is influenced by three key components: expectancy (the belief that effort will lead to successful performance), instrumentality (the belief that successful performance will lead to specific outcomes), and valence (the value placed on those outcomes).

In essence, when workers believe that their efforts will result in effective performance that will subsequently yield desirable rewards or results, they are more likely to be motivated to put in the effort. This theory emphasizes the cognitive processes behind motivation and underscores the importance of clear connections between effort, performance, and rewards.

The other theories mentioned do not specifically capture this relationship. Self-efficacy theory focuses on an individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations. Instrumentality theory is a component of expectancy theory, referring primarily to the link between performance and outcomes. Verbal persuasion theory involves the influence of others’ endorsements or encouragement but does not directly address the connection between effort and desired outcomes.